Tense sub types in English Grammar - Simple, Perfect, Imperfect, Perfect Imperfect

There are 4 subtypes for each tense

1. Simple - used to indicate simple action/ habit.
2. Imperfect (Progressive/Continuous) - used to indicate that action is going on (in progress).
3. Perfect - used to indicate that action has finished in the past.
4. Perfect Imperfect - used to indicate action was going on and it is still in progress.

Simple tense needs just the verb. But for other tenses, we need to use (to be / to have) forms as mentioned below.

1. to be forms - am/is/are (present),  was/were (past), will be(future)
2. to have forms - have/has(present),  had(past), would have(future)

For example - for continuous tense, we need to use to be+ing (I am working). For perfect tense, we need to use "to have+pp" (I have worked). For perfect imperfect tense, we need to use "to have + been + ing" (I have been working)

1. Imperfect (Progressive/Continuous) - to be + ing
2. Perfect - to have + pp
3. Perfect Imperfect - to have + been + ing

In below list, you will see which form can be used for each type of pronoun.

1. I                        - am/was/will be / have/ had/ would have
2. we                     - are/were/will be/ have/ had/ would have
3. You (Singular)  - are/were/will be/ have/ had/ would have
4. You (Plural)      - are/were/will be/ have/ had/ would have
5. He/She/It          - is/was/will be/ has/ had/ would have
6. They                 - are/ were/ will be/ have/ had / would have

Below tables shows how we can use tenses in English.

Below table shows examples using Pronoun I.

I	Present	Past	Future
simple	I go  I do not go	I went I did not go	I will go I will not go
Imperfect	I am going I am not going	I was going I was not going	I will be going I will not be going
Perfect	I have gone I have not gone	I had gone I had not gone	I would have gone I would have not gone
Perfect  Imperfect	I have been going I have not been going	I had been going I had not been going	I would have been going I would not have been going

Below table shows examples using Pronoun We. Other pronouns you and they can be used in similar way.

We/You/They	Present	Past	Future
simple	We go We do not go	We went We did not go	We will go We will not go
Imperfect	We are going We are not going	We were going We were not going	We will be going We will not be going
Perfect	We have gone We have not gone	We had gone We had not gone	We would have gone We would have not gone
Perfect  Imperfect	We have been going We have not been going	We had been going We had not been going	We would have been going We would not have been going

Below table shows examples using Pronoun He. Other pronouns She and It can be used in similar way.

(He/She/It)	Present	Past	Future
simple	He goes He does not go	He went He did not go	He will go He will not go
Imperfect	He is going He is not going	He was going He was not going	He will be going He will not be going
Perfect	He has gone He has not gone	He had gone He had not gone	He would have gone He would not have gone
Perfect  Imperfect	He has been going He has not been going	He had been going He had not been going	He would have been going He would not have been going

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Relative pronouns in English Grammar

Below is the list of relative pronouns. These are used in relative clauses.

1. who, whoever, whosoever 
2. whom, whomever, whomsoever 
3. whose, Whosesoever
4. what, whatever, whatsoever - What refers to non-living things or abstracts.
5. which, whichever, whichsoever  -  which is generally used when choice is available. 
6. that
7. there 

Examples on Relative Pronouns

1. I met one boy who seemed to be in shock.
2. whoever (whosoever) wants to participate in event should contact organiser.
3. I asked her whom I should take my query to.
4. He will ask same questions whomever he meets
5. She asked whose plan it was to visit Pune.
6. Whosesoever id card is missing will be banned
7. I was not happy with what she was doing.
8. I will help you whatever
9. Do whatever you want to do
10. He did not study at all (whatsoever)
11. I bought a car which was very expensive.
12. Select whichever color you like.
13. I got a letter that mentioned the steps I need to take to apply for a Visa.
14. There is a park.

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Reciprocal pronouns in English Grammar

Below is the list of reciprocal pronouns.

1. Each other - Use this pronoun when talking about 2 people.
2. One Another  - Use this pronoun when talking about more than 2 people.

Examples on Reciprocal Pronouns

1. They helped each other to escape with minor injuries in an accident.
2. They fell in love with each other.
3. We all should be humble to one another.

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Possesive pronouns in English Grammar

Below is the list of possessive pronouns.

	Nominative	Possessive determiner	Possessive pronoun
1st person singular	I	my	mine
2nd person singular	you	your	yours
3rd person singular	she, he,it	her, his, its	hers, his, its
1st person plural	we	our	ours
2nd person plural	you	your	yours
3rd person plural	they	their	theirs

Examples on possessive Pronouns.

1. There are 5 cars in the parking zone. Red one is mine.
2. The 2 story bungalow opposite police station  is ours.
3. That pen is yours.
4. Android phone is hers and Windows phone is his.
5. 2 phones are theirs.

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Reflexive pronouns in English

Reflexive pronouns are used when we talk about self.
Here is the list of Reflexive pronouns in English.

	Nominative	Reflexive
1st person singular	I	myself
2nd person singular	you	yourself
3rd person singular	she, he,it	herself, himself, itself
1st person plural	we	ourselves
2nd person plural	you	yourselves
3rd person plural	they	themselves

Examples on Reflexive pronouns

1. I will solve that problem myself.
2. They will accumulate the money themselves for buying a house.
3. You can learn web programming yourself referring the tutorial.
4. She cooks herself every day.

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Indefinite pronouns in English Grammar

Below table shows the list of indefinite pronouns in English Grammar.

	Singular	Plural
Person related	anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, nobody, no one, somebody, someone	both, few, many, others
other	another, anything, each, either, everything, neither, nothing, one, other, something

Example on Indefinite Pronouns

1. Somebody called me and said something.
2. Anyone can complete that task.
3. Nobody attended the wedding ceremony.
4. Everybody was in deep shock after hearing the news of his accident.

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Interrogative pronouns in English Grammar

Here is the list of interrogative pronouns

1. who - Who refers to person or people
2. whom - 
3. whose
4. what - What refers to non-living things or abstracts. 
5. which  -  which is generally used when choice is available. We can also use which one and which ones while asking questions.

Examples on Interrogative Pronouns

1. Who is my partner?
2. Whom should I ask this query to?
3. Whose book is this?
4. What is your daily routine?
5. Which book do you want to borrow?

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demonstrative pronouns in English Grammar.

Below table shows the list of demonstrative pronouns in English Grammar.

Singular	Plural
this	these
that	those

Examples -

1. This is my car.
2. These are my cars.
3. That is his pen.
4. Those are his pens.
5. These books should not be kept here.
6. Those papers should be kept in safe place.

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Personal pronouns in English Grammar

Below table shows all personal pronouns available in English Grammar

	Singular Pronouns	Plural Pronouns
First Person	I	We
Second Person	You	You
Third Person	He/She/It	They

Below table shows more details about these pronouns.

	Nominative	Oblique
1st person singular	I	me
2nd person singular	you	you
3rd person singular	she, he,it	her, him, it
1st person plural	we	us
2nd person plural	you	you
3rd person plural	they	them

Examples on Personal Pronouns.

1. My name is Amar. I am preparing for the IELTS Exam.
2. Give that book to me.
3. 4 people met me. I asked them to wait outside.

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Genders in noun - Masculine and Feminine nouns in English grammar

There can be 3 types of nouns based on gender.

1. Masculine - Male
2. Feminine - Female
3. Neutral

When we say "man", we are talking about male. When we say "woman", we are talking about female.

When we say person, we may refer to either male or female.

Masculine/ Male	Feminine/ Female	Neutral Gender
man	woman	adult/ Person
boy	girl	child
husband	wife	spouse
bull	cow	ox
Cock	hen	Chicken

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Articles (Definite and Indefinite) in English Grammar - a, an, the

Here is the list of articles in English Grammar.

1. Definite (the)
2. Indefinite (a, an)

1.Definite Article - The
"The" is used before the noun which is unique.
For example -
the sun, the moon.

We also use "the" to refer to specific noun.
For example -
the book (placed on the table) , the ball (we are playing with).

We do not use "the" in front of names of Cities, Countries.
We do not say the India, the Australia.
But we say the United States, the United Kingdom.

2.Indefinite Article -a, an
"a and an" are used before the noun which is general.
For example -
a man, a pen etc.

We use "an " in front of nouns that start with vowels.

For Example -
an apple, an illusion.

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to have forms in English grammar

Here is the list of to have forms in English grammar.

	Singular to have forms	Plural to have forms
Present	has	have
Past	had	had
Future	would have

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to be forms in English Grammar

to be forms are used when you want to create the sentences in various tenses.

Here is the list of to be forms

	Singular to be forms	Plural to be forms
Present tense	am, is	are
Past tense	was	were
Future tense	will be, shall be	will be, shall be

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Modal verbs in English Grammar

Here is the list of modal verbs in English Grammar

1. can/ to be able to - used to express the ability to do something
2. could  - used to request something, also used to express possibility.
3. may/might - used to predict something.
4. would - used to offer something, also used to tell something in past, likelihood
5. should, ought to - used when something is necessary to do.
6. must/have to/got to/need to - used when there is compulsion to do something.
7. Need not  -  used when there is compulsion to avoid something.

Examples on Modal Verbs.

1. I can drive a car. (Ability)
2. He is able to fix the issue (Ability)
3. Could you please help me? (Request)
4. It could rain today. (Likelihood)
5. I may attend a party (Likelihood/ uncertainty)
6. You should study very hard (It is necessary that you study hard)
7. We must go on a trip. (compulsion)
8. You need not come to my house (You do not come. It is unnecessary)

To describe habits or past routine things, we can use below constructs.

1. I used to play cricket
2. I would play football

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Auxiliary Verbs in English grammar

We have already studied simple verbs. So let us focus on Auxiliary verbs now.

Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verbs are used along with main verb to signify the tense and singular or plural subjects. Here is the list of Auxiliary verbs in English.

1. is  
2. am
3. are
4. was
5. were
6. have
7. had
8. have been
9. had been

Below chart denotes when we can use above verbs depending upon the pronoun and tense.

	Present	Past	Future
I	am, have	was, had	Will be/ shall be/ should be/would be
We	are, have	Were, had	Will be/ shall be/ should be/would be
You	are, have	Were, had	Will be/ shall be/should be/would be
He/She/It	is, has	was, had	Will be/ shall be/ should be/ would be
They	are, have	were, had	Will be/ shall be/ should be/ would be

Remember that we must be careful while using pronoun you.

We do not say - You was.

We say - You were. This is true even if we are referring you as a singular or plural pronoun.

Some examples are given below.

1. I am going home.
2. He is coming tomorrow.
3. They are playing cricket.
4. You were studying when I was working.
5. It is raining. 

Please note that have, has and had can be used in different contexts as well.

For example -

I have a car. (I possess a car)

She has 2 sons. 

We had a great fun. (We enjoyed a lot)

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Degrees of adjectives - positive, comparative and superlative

We can use degree of adjectives to compare the things.
There are 3 degrees of adjectives.

1. Positive - He is a tall boy
2. Comparative - Sagar is taller than priyanka
3. Superlative - Amitabh is the tallest actor

We usually add er at the end of the adjective to get its comparative form.We usually add  est at the end of the adjective to get its superlative form.

Example - 

Poor - Poorer - Poorest

Strong - Stronger - Strongest

Tall - Taller - Tallest

With respect to 3 circles we can write below English sentences.

1. B is bigger than A.
2. C is bigger than B.
3. C is the biggest.
4. A is the smallest.
5. A is smaller than B and C.

Irregular adjectives

Examples -

1. We can not say - good, gooder or goodest. We say good - better - best
2. We can not say - bad, badder or baddest. We say bad - worse - worst.
3. little - less - least
4. much - more - most
5. many - more - most
6. some - more - most
7. far - further - furthest
8. old - elder - eldest

To compare 2 equal things/persons, we can use as....as construct.

Example - Suppose you want to compare Sachin with Lara. You have to also say that both are eually good. Then we can say ->

Sachin is as good batsman as Lara.

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Singular and plural nouns

Singular noun is used to indicate single person or object or thing. Plural nouns are used to indicate multiple persons, objects etc.

boy - Single (1) boy
boys - Many boys

Generally we suffix s at the end of singular noun to convert it into plural noun. But in some cases, you need to use different rules as mentioned below.

1. If noun ends with y, we use ies. e.g. hobby will be converted to hobbies

Do not get confused with 's. 

1. boy's shirt - shirt of boy
2. boys' shirts - shirts of many boys, boys' exam - exam of many boys

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Daily english conversations at various places and topics

1. School/college
2. Doctor and chemist
3. Occupation
4. Friends
5. Home 
6. Movie - discussion about movie review
7. Sport - discussion about the game
8. Office discussion with team members
9. Interview
10. Introduction
11. Hospital enquiry over phone
12. Library admin
13. Hotel receptionist
14. Car salesman
15. Travel agent
16. Hobbies
17. Real estate agent
18. Planning a trip

1. Words to build team spirit.
2. How to console someone.
3. How to convince someone.
4. How to describe illness in English.
5. How to deliver send off speech.
6. How to praise someone in English.
7. Words to tell time in English.
8. Words to tell directions in English.
9. Handling nosy person in Office.

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Tenses in English

Tense in the sentence provides valuable information about when the action happened.

There are 3 simple tenses.

1. Present - Action happens in the present (e.g. I work)
2. Past - Action has happened in the past  (e.g. I worked)
3. Future - Action will happen in the future (e.g. I will work)

Making sentences in simple tenses is very easy. All you need to know is verb. 

Additionally, you need to remember one important rule.

Positive sentences

If the subject is "He/She/It" (Singular third person) and you are making a sentence in present tense, you need to suffix "s" at the end of verb. Sometimes, we need to suffix "es" if the verb ends with "O". Remember that this rule applies to present tense only.

For example -

Below sentence is incorrect.

He work

Instead of that, we use below syntax.

He works

When the subject is a noun, you need to first convert it into pronoun. Once you know pronoun, you can easily apply above rule. For example - In first sentence below, subject is a single train which means it. So the rule will apply. But in second sentence, we are talking about more trains (plural), so rule does not apply.

Train (It) arrives.

Trains (They) arrive.

I have a pen.

There is a box.

Negative sentences

When the sentence is negative and in present or past, you need to use special verb - do (do - does - did - done)

For example -

I do not work

He does not work

He did not work

I will not work

I do not have a pen

There is not a box

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